英国提前大选叠加高盛糟糕财报 美股周二低开低走
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| ?????? ?????? ????? ????? "????????" (K?nigsberg, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????'?, ??????? ?????) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ?????: ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? | ||||||||||||||||||
| ?????: ????? ????? ??????? | ||||||||||||||||||
| ??????? | 3 ??????? 1914 – 23 ??????? 1918 (4 ???? ??3 ??????) | |||||||||||||||||
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6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E? / ?6.307°S 34.854°E | |||||||||||||||||
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?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? (???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????), ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (???? ????), ???????, ?????? ??????? (???? ?????) ???????.
??????? 1917 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???-?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
???-????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? - ?????? ???????.
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????? ??????? – ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?????'?
?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? (Schnee), ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????.
?-5 ??????? 1914 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?-????. ??????, ??? ???-?????, ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? 260 ?????? ??? ?????? ?-2,472 ?????? (?????), ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? (KAR), ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.
?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (Taveta) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????'?? ?-15 ???????, ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ???????, ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???-????? ?????? ??-?????. ?-2 ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?-8,000 ??????, ????? (Tanga) ????? ????????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????'??, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? 1915, ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???-????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?-1,800 ?????? ??-12,000 ?????. ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? '????????' (K?nigsberg), ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????'? ????? ??? ?????'?. ?? ???? ????, ?-1916 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ?-13,000 ????-???????? ??-7,000 ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????. ??????, ?? ??? ??????, ?????? KAR, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ?-30,000 ??????.
?-18 ?????? 1916 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ?-6 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????. ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?-260,000 ?????, ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (Tabora), ?????? (Kigoma) ????'??'?. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 1894, ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?-9 ????.
?????? 1917 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????'?? ???? ????? ??'???? ??????? ?-KAR ?????? ?????-??????? ????'?? ?'??? ????? ?? ?????? (Van Deventer), ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.
????? ???????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]
??????? ??? ???? ?? ???-????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????; ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????, ???? ???????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ????-????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? 1918 ????? ?????? ???????.
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????, ?? ??? ?-13 ??????? ?? ???? (Kasama) ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?-14 ??????? ???? ???-?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??-23 ??????? ????.
????? ???
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???-????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.
???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? (???????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????) ?????? (??????-??????? (?????? ???????? ?? ?????)), ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?-1894, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ??? (?????) ??????, ?????, ????? ??????, 1979.
- Anderson, Ross. The Forgotten Front: The East African Campaign, 1914-1918. London: Tempus Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2344-4.
- Crowson, Thomas A. When Elephants clash. A critical analysis of Major General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck in the East African Theatre of the Great War. (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College, Masterarbeit, 2003). Washington, DC: Storming Media, 2003. NTIS, Springfield, VA. 2003. Microform-Edition.
- Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa, 1914-1918. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989, ISBN 0-393-30564-3.
- Ferguson, Niall. Empire. The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. New York: Basic Books. 2004. ISBN 0465023282
- Garfield, Brian. The Meinertzhagen Mystery. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. 2007. ISBN 1597970417
- Haupt, Werner. Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in übersee 1884-1918 . Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 1984. ISBN 3-7909-0204-7
- Hoyt, Edwin P. The Germans who never lost. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1968, and London: Leslie Frewin, 1969. ISBN 0090964004.
- Hoyt, Edwin P. Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1981; and London: Collier MacMillan Publishers. 1981. ISBN 0-02-555210-4.
- Lef?vre, Eric. Brandenburg Division, Commandos of the Reich. Paris: Histoire & Collections. 2000 . ISBN 2-908-182-734.
- Louis, Wm. Roger. Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914-1919. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1967.
- Miller, Charles. Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa. London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1974; and New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. ISBN 0-02-584930-1.
- Mosley, Leonard. Duel for Kilimanjaro. New York: Ballantine Books, 1963.
- Page, Melvin E. The War of Thangata: Nyasaland and the East African Campaign, 1914 - 1918, The Journal of African History XIX (1) pp. 87 - 100, 1978
- Paice, Edward. Tip and Run. The untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007. ISBN 0-297-84709-0.
- Schulte-Varendorff, Uwe. Kolonialheld für Kaiser und Führer. General Lettow-Vorbeck - Eine Biographie . Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3-861-53412-6.
- Sibley, J.R. Tanganyikan Guerrilla. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973. ISBN 0345098013.
- Stephenson, William. Der L?we von Afrika. Der legend?re General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck und sein Kampf um Ostafrika . Munich: Goldmann, 1984. ISBN 3-442-06719-7.
- Strachan, Hew. The First World War 1914-1918. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0199261911.
- Stratis, John C. A Case Study in Leadership. Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck. Springfield, VA.: NTIS, 2002. Microform-Edition.
- Willmott, H.P. World War One. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2003. ISBN 0789496275
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